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Urinary cadmium and incident heart failure a case-cohort analysis among never-smokers in Denmark
Sears, C. G., Eliot, M., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Poulsen, A. H., Harrington, J. M., Howe, C. J., James, K. A., Roswall, N., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Meliker, J., & Wellenius, G. A. (2022). Urinary cadmium and incident heart failure a case-cohort analysis among never-smokers in Denmark. Epidemiology, 33(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001446
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest cadmium exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease risk, including heart failure. However, prior findings may be influenced by tobacco smoking, a dominant source of cadmium exposure and risk factor for heart failure. The present study leverages up to 20 years of follow-up in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort to examine the relationship between urinary cadmium and incident heart failure among people who never smoked.
METHODS: Between 1993 and 1997, 19,394 never-smoking participants (ages 50-64 years) enrolled and provided a urine sample. From this sample, we randomly selected a subcohort of 600 men and 600 women and identified 958 incident heart failure cases occurring between baseline and 2015. Using a case-cohort approach, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for heart failure in Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time scale.
RESULTS: Participants had relatively low concentrations of urinary cadmium, as expected for never smokers (median = 0.20; 25th, 75th = 0.13, 0.32 μg cadmium/g creatinine). In adjusted models, we found that higher urinary cadmium was associated with a higher rate of incident heart failure overall (aHR = 1.1 per interquartile range difference [95% CI = 1.0, 1.2). In sex-stratified analyses, the association seemed restricted to men (aHR = 1.5 [95% CI = 1.2, 1.9]).
CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of people who never smoked tobacco, environmental cadmium was positively associated with incident heart failure, especially among men.
