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Decades of research have documented that poverty is highly correlated with child maltreatment (Berger and Waldfogel, 2011, Pelton, 1994, Pelton, 2015). An inverse association between income and maltreatment has been repeatedly demonstrated in large-scale studies (Berger, 2004, Berger, 2007, Chaffin et al., 1996, Gelles, 1992, Sedlak and Broadhurst, 1996, Sedlak et al., 2010). Moreover, results from several recent studies suggest that this relationship may be causal (Berger et al., 2016, Cancian et al., 2013). Various indicators of maltreatment have also been shown to correlate with community- or state-level poverty rates (Coulton et al., 2007, Coulton et al., 1995, Drake and Pandey, 1996, Korbin et al., 1998, Maguire-Jack, 2014); income inequality (Eckenrode, Smith, McCarthy, & Dineen, 2014); and welfare receipt rates and benefit levels (Paxson and Waldfogel, 2002, Slack et al., 2003). Less consistent evidence has been found linking unemployment rates with child maltreatment (Jones, 1990, Millet et al., 2011, Wood et al., 2012). Furthermore, within low-income populations or populations at elevated risk of child maltreatment, economic hardship (e.g., welfare sanctions, utility shut-offs, unemployment, housing moves, self-reported material hardship) has been shown to increase the risk of child protective services (CPS) involvement (Courtney et al., 2005, McDaniel and Slack, 2005, Slack et al., 2007, Slack et al., 2004, Slack et al., 2011, Yang, 2015). There is also a large literature on the socioeconomic outcomes associated with child maltreatment and child protection system involvement (Berger & Waldfogel, 2011). Research has also demonstrated an association between child maltreatment and various adverse outcomes for former foster youth (Courtney et al., 2011, Crozier and Barth, 2005, Leiter and Johnsen, 1997, Perez and Widom, 1994).